H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Standard Module
The HYDRUS-1D software package (version 4.17) has been completely rewritten, expanded, and incorporated into Version 5 of the HYDRUS software package as an H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Module.
The H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Module is a finite element model for simulating the one-dimensional movement of water, heat, and multiple solutes in variably saturated media. Starting from June 1, 2022, this module is automatically available in all editions of HYDRUS.
Description of the H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Standard Module
The program numerically solves the Richards' equation for saturated-unsaturated water flow and Fickian-based advection dispersion equations for heat and solute transport. The program may be used to analyze water and solute movement in unsaturated, partially saturated, or fully saturated porous media. The flow region itself may be composed of nonuniform soils. Flow and transport can occur in the vertical, horizontal, or a generally inclined direction.
The Flow (Richards) equation incorporates a sink term to account for water uptake by plant roots.
The Heat transport equation (convection-conduction) considers conduction as well as convection with flowing water.
The Solute transport (convection-dispersion) equations consider advective-dispersive transport in the liquid phase, and diffusion in the gaseous phase. The transport equations also include provisions for:
- Nonlinear and/or Nonequilibrium reactions between the solid and liquid phases,
- Linear equilibrium reactions between the liquid and gaseous phases,
- Zero order production, and
- Two First-order degradation reactions:
- One which is independent of other solutes, and
- One which provides the coupling between solutes involved in sequential first-order decay reactions.
The water flow part of the model can deal with (constant or time-varying) prescribed head and flux boundaries, boundaries controlled by atmospheric conditions, as well as free drainage boundary conditions. Soil surface boundary conditions may change during the simulation from prescribed flux to prescribed head type conditions (and vice versa).
For solute transport the code supports both (constant and varying) prescribed concentration (Dirichlet or first-type) and concentration flux (Cauchy or third-type) boundary conditions. The dispersion coefficient includes terms reflecting the effects of molecular diffusion and tortuosity.
The Unsaturated Soil Hydraulic Properties are described using van Genuchten [1980], Brooks and Corey [1964], Durner [1994], and modified van Genuchten analytical functions. Modifications were made to improve the description of hydraulic properties near saturation. The HYDRUS code incorporates hysteresis by using the empirical model introduced by Scott et al. [1983] and Kool and Parker [1987]. This model assumes that drying scanning curves are scaled from the main drying curve, and wetting scanning curves from the main wetting curve.
HYDRUS also implements a scaling procedure to approximate hydraulic variability in a given soil profile by means of a set of linear scaling transformations which relate the individual soil hydraulic characteristics to those of a reference soil.
Root growth is simulated by means of a logistic growth function. Water and salinity stress response functions can be defined according to functions proposed by Feddes et al. [1978] or van Genuchten [1987].
The governing flow and transport equations are solved numerically using Galerkin type linear finite element schemes. Integration in time is achieved using an implicit (backwards) finite difference scheme for both saturated and unsaturated conditions. Additional measures are taken to improve solution efficiency for transient problems, including automatic time step adjustment and adherence to preset ranges of the Courant and Peclet numbers. The water content term is evaluated using the mass conservative method proposed by Celia et al. [1990]. Possible options for minimizing numerical oscillations in the transport solutions include upstream weighing, artificial dispersion, and/or performance indexing.
HYDRUS implements a Marquardt-Levenberg type parameter estimation technique for inverse estimation of selected soil hydraulic and/or solute transport and reaction parameters from measured transient or steady-state flow and/or transport data. The procedure permits several unknown parameters to be estimated from observed water contents, pressure heads, concentrations, and/or instantaneous or cumulative boundary fluxes (e.g., infiltration or outflow data). Additional retention or hydraulic conductivity data, as well as a penalty function for constraining the optimized parameters to remain in some feasible region (Bayesian estimation), can be optionally included in the parameter estimation procedure.
The H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Standard Module includes:
- The UnsatChem Module: The Major Ion Chemistry Module [UNSATCHEM; Šimůnek and Suarez, 1994] can be used instead of the standard solute transport module.
- The HP1 Module [Jacques and Šimůnek, 2005, 2010; Jacques et al., 2006, 2008], resulting of coupling Hydrus-1D with the PHREEQC geochemical code [Parkhurst and Appelo, 1999].
New Features in the H1D (HYDRUS-1D) Standard Module (version 5 of HYDRUS) (released in 2022), compared to version 4.17 of HYDRUS-1D
- The Particle Tracking Module: The Particle Tracking algorithm from Šimůnek [1991] was implemented into HYDRUS [Zhou et al., 2021]. The results of this module can be used to calculate soil water travel times and water age for different locations in the soil profile.
- The Fumigant Module (options related to the fumigant transport (e.g., removal of a tarp, temperature-dependent tarp properties, an additional injection of fumigant) [Spurlock et al., 2013].
- An option to consider no or constant fractionation for isotope transport.
- New Graphical User Interface with enhanced graphical capabilities, e.g., up to 10,000 print times, z-t graphs, and many more.
Additional New features in the H1D Pro Module
- An option to consider sorption to the air-water interface (required to simulate the fate of PFAS chemicals) [Silva et al., 2020] (The PFAS Module).
- An option to consider the concentration effect on surface tension and viscosity [Silva et al., 2020] (The PFAS Module).
- The COSMIC Module to simulate Cosmic-Ray Neutron Fluxes [Brunetti et al., 2019].
- The DPU Module: The Dynamic Plant Uptake (DPU) module developed by Brunetti et al. [2019, 2021, 2022] simulates the translocation and transformation of neutral compounds in the soil-plant domain.
- The C-Ride Module: The C-Ride module simulates one- and two-dimensional variably-saturated water flow, colloid transport, and colloid-facilitated solute transport in porous media. The module accounts for transient variably-saturated water flow, and for both colloid and solute movement due to advection, diffusion, and dispersion, as well as for solute movement facilitated by colloid transport. Detailed description of the C-Ride Module is given in the C-Ride user manual [Šimůnek et al., 2012, 2022].