HYDRUS Wetland Module (Version 2)
Constructed Wetlands (CWs) are engineered water treatment systems that optimize the treatment processes found in natural environments. CWs are popular systems which efficiently treat different kinds of polluted water and are therefore sustainable, environmentally friendly solutions. A large number of physical, chemical and biological processes are simultaneously active and mutually influence each other. As complex systems, CWs have been considered "black boxes" for a long time. During the last few years, two-dimensional models of different complexities have been developed for describing processes in SubSurface Flow (SSF) CWs.
Version 2 of the HYDRUS wetland module includes two biokinetic model formulations for simulating reactions in two-dimensional constructed wetlands:
- the CW2D module (Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2005), and/or
- the CWM1 (Constructed Wetland Model #1) biokinetic model (Langergraber et al., 2009).
In CW2D, aerobic and anoxic transformation and degradation processes for organic matter, nitrogen and phosphorus are described, whereas in CWM1, aerobic, anoxic and anaerobic processes for organic matter, nitrogen and sulphur are considered. CWM1 has been developed with the main goal to provide a widely accepted model formulation for biochemical transformation and degradation processes in SSF CWs.
The HYDRUS wetland module is the only implementation of a CW model that is currently publicly available. For detailed information about the CW2D and CWM1 biokinetic models, the reader is referred to the original papers, i.e., Langergraber and Šimůnek (2005) and Langergraber et al. (2009), respectively.
Tutorials
In this file (Wetlands Tutorials) you can find tutorials that show how to use the HYDRUS Wetland Module for simulating vertical flow (VF) and horizontal flow (HF) constructed wetlands CWs). The following tutorials are described in the step-by-step fashion:
- Water Flow in a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (uses the standard HYDRUS water flow module).
- Reactive Transport in a Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland (uses the HYDRUS Wetland Module, the CW2D Biokinetic Model).
- Water Flow and Reactive Transport in a Horizontal Flow Constructed Wetland (uses the HYDRUS Wetland Module, the CWM1 Biokinetic Model).
Download tutorial document: Wetlands Tutorials (2.5 MB)
Download tutorial projects: Wetland_Project (5.9 MB)
Downloads
HYDRUS wetland module manual - version 1
- Langergraber, G., and J. Šimůnek, The multi-component reactive transport module CW2D for constructed wetlands for the HYDRUS Software Package. HYDRUS Software Series 2, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA, 72p., 2006.
HYDRUS wetland module manual - version 2
- Langergraber, G., and J. Šimůnek, HYDRUS Wetland Module Manual - Version 2. HYDRUS Software Series 4, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA, 56p., 2011.
Examples
Described in version 1 of the HYDRUS wetland module manual:
- Wetland 1: A pilot-scale vertical flow constructed wetland (Chapter 5.1 in Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2006); an example of flow and reactive transport simulations.
- Wetland 2: A two-stage vertical flow constructed wetland (Chapter 5.2 in Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2006); an example of reactive transport simulations.
- Wetland 3: A lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetland for treatment of combined sewer overflow (Chapter 5.3 in Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2006); an example for controlled effluent rate.
Described in version 2 of the HYDRUS wetland module manual:
- Wetland 4: Same as Wetland 1 but using the CWM1 biokinetic model; an example of how to start a simulation using the new CWM1 biokinetic model (Chapter 5.1 in Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2011).
- Wetland 5: An experimental horizontal flow constructed wetland described by Headley et al. (2005); an example for simulating the influence of wetland plants (Chapter 5.2 in Langergraber and Šimůnek, 2011).
Description of the biokinetic models
- Langergraber, G., and J. Šimůnek, Modeling variably-saturated water flow and multi-component reactive transport in constructed wetlands, Vadose Zone J., 4(4), 924-938, 2005.
- Langergraber, G., D. Rousseau, J. García, and J. Mena, CWM1 - A general model to describe biokinetic processes in subsurface flow constructed wetlands, Water Sci. Technol., 59(9), 1687-1697, 2009.
- Langergraber, G., and J. Šimůnek, Reactive transport modeling of subsurface flow constructed wetlands, Special Issue "Reactive Transport Modeling", Vadose Zone Journal, 11(2), doi:10.2136/vzj2011.0104, 14 pp., 2012.
General papers on modeling of CWs:
- Langergraber, G., Modeling of processes in subsurface flow constructed wetlands – A review, Vadoze Zone J., 7(2), 830-842, 2008.
- Langergraber, G., D. Giraldi, J. Mena, D. Meyer, M. Peña, A. Toscano, A. Brovelli, and E. A. Korkusuz, Recent developments in numerical modelling of subsurface flow constructed wetlands, Sci. Total Environ., 407(13), 3931-3943, 2009.
- Langergraber, G., Numerical modelling: A tool for better constructed wetland design? Water Sci. Technol., 64(1), 14-21, 2011.
- Meyer, D., F., Chazarenc, D. Claveau-Mallet, U. Dittmer, N. Forquet, P. Molle, A. Morvannou, T. Pálfy, A. Petitjean, A. Rizzo, R. Samsó Campà, M. Scholz, A. Soric, and G. Langergraber, Modelling constructed wetlands: Scopes and aims – A comparative review, Ecol. Eng., 80, 205-213, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.10.031, 2015.
- Pucher, B., and G. Langergraber, Simulation vertical flow wetlands using filter media with different grain sizes with the HYDRUS Wetland module, Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics, 66(2), 227-231, doi: 10.1515/johh-2017-0053, 2018.
- Langergraber, G., and J. Šimůnek, Modeling Variably Saturated Water Flow and Multicomponent Reactive Transport in Constructed Wetlands, in: Reactive Transport Modeling: Applications in Subsurface Energy and Environmental Problems, First Edition, eds. Y. Xiao, F. Whitaker, T. Xu, and C. Steefel, John Wiley & Sibs Ltd., 453-484, doi: 10.1002/9781119060031.ch9, 2018.
Papers/reports on the application of the HYDRUS wetland model:
CWs treating domestic wastewater
- Langergraber, G., Simulation of the treatment performance of outdoor subsurface flow constructed wetlands in temperate climates, Sci. Total Environ., 380(1-3), 210-219, 2007.
- Langergraber, G., A. Tietz, and R. Haberl, Comparison of measured and simulated distribution of microbial biomass in subsurface vertical flow constructed wetlands, Water Sci. Technol., 56(3), 233-240, 2007.
- Pálfy, T. G., Z. Gribovszki, and G. Langergraber, Design-support and performance estimation using HYDRUS/CW2D: A horizontal flow constructed wetland for polishing SBR effluent, Water Sci. Technol., 71(7), 965–970, 2015.
CWs treating combined sewer overflow
- Dittmer, U., D. Meyer, and G. Langergraber, Simulation of a Subsurface Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for CSO Treatment, Water Sci. Technol., 51(9), 225-232, 2005.
- Henrichs, M., G. Langergraber, and M. Uhl, Modelling of organic matter degradation in constructed wetlands for treatment of combined sewer overflow, Sci, Total Environ., 380(1-3), 196-209, 2007.
- Henrichs, M., A. Welker, and M. Uhl, Modelling of biofilters for ammonium reduction in combined sewer overflow, Water Sci. Technol., 60(3), 825-831, 2009.
- Meyer, D., U. Dittmer, and T. G. Schmitt, Modelling CWs for CSO treatment-reasonable balancing between detailed description and practicable handling, In: IWA (eds., 2008): Proceedings of the 11th IWA Specialized Group Conference on "Wetland Systems for Water Pollution Control" - Volume 2, 1-7 November 2008, Indore, India, pp.851-857, 2008.
- Pálfy, T.G., P. Molle, G. Langergraber, and D. Meyer, Simulation of constructed wetlands treating combined sewer overflow using HYDRUS/CW2D, Ecol. Eng., 87, 340-347, 2016.
CWs treating effluents of the wastewater treatment plant for irrigation purposes
CWs treating artificial wastewater and artificial greywater
- Pálfy, T.G., and G. Langergraber, The verification of the Constructed Wetland Model No. 1implementation in HYDRUS using column experiment data, Ecological Engineering, 68, 105–115, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.016, 2014.
- Rizzo, A., G. Langergraber, A. Galvão, F. Boano, R. Revelli, and L. Ridolfi, Modelling the response of laboratory horizontal flow constructed wetlands to unsteady organic loads with HYDRUS-CWM1, Ecological Engineering, 68, 209–213, doi: 10.1016/j.ecoleng.2014.03.073, 2014.
- Karlsson, S.C., G. Langergraber, M. Pell, S. Dalahmeh, B. Vinnerås, and H. Jönsson, Simulation and verification of hydraulic properties and organic matter degradation in sand filters for greywater treatment, Water Sci. Technol., 71(3), 426-33, doi:10.2166/wst.2015.003, 2015.
- Rizzo, A., and G. Langergraber, Novel insights on the response of horizontal flow constructed wetland to sudden changes in influent loads from a modelling investigation, Ecological Engineering, 93, 242-249, 2016.
Simulating run-off from agricultural sites and the effect of streamside management zones
- Smethurst, P. J., G. Langergraber, K. C. Petrone, and G. Holz, Hillslope and stream connectivity: simulation of concentration-discharge patterns using the HYDRUS model, In: Proceedings 18th World IMACS Congress and MODSIM09 International Congress on Modelling and Simulation, 13–17 July 2009, Cairns, Australia, pp.4057-4063, 2009. (pdf).
- Smethurst, P. J., K. C. Petrone, C. C. Baillie, D. Worledge, and G. Langergraber, Streamside management zones for buffering streams on farms: Observations and nitrate modelling, Landscape Logic Technical Report No. 28, Hobart, Australia, pp.31, 2010. (pdf)
- Smethurst, P. J., K. C. Petrone, C. C. Baillie, D. Worledge, and G. Langergraber, Streamside Management Zones for Buffering Streams on Farms: Observations and Nitrate Modelling, Landscape Logic Commonwealth Environmental Research Facility Technical Report No.28, Landscape Logic, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia, 31p, 2011. (pdf)
- Smethurst, P. J, K. Petrone, G. Langergraber, C. Baillie, and D. Worledge, Nitrate dynamics in a rural headwater catchment: measurements and modeling, Hydrological Processes, 28(4), 1820-1834, 2014.